Mbiri Yakukula Kwamwala Wamtengo Wapatali Wopanga

Aug 20, 2025

Siyani uthenga

Mu 1819, Dr. ED Clarke anagwiritsa ntchito chitoliro chatsopano kusungunula marubi awiri pa makala, mwangozi kupanga galasi yatsopano-ya ruby.
Mu 1837, katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku France Marc Gaudin anayamba kuphunzira mwadongosolo miyala yamtengo wapatali pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala. Anachitapo kanthu modzaza njira ya potassium dichromate ndi potassium sulfate, kenaka anasungunula zotsalirazo kuti apeze makristalo a aluminium oxide, motero kuyambitsa mbiri yokhazikika ya miyala yamtengo wapatali yopangira mankhwala.
Mu 1877, Ferey ndi ena adapanga miyala yamtengo wapatali yoyamba yopangidwa kuti ikhale yoyenera kudula ndi kupukuta pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana, kupanga makhiristo a ruby ​​​​olemera pafupifupi 1/3 carat.
Mu 1882, msika wa ku Ulaya udawonekera pamtengo waukulu wa rubi (marubi a Geneva).
Cha m'ma 1900, Verneuil anapanga ma rubi ambiri okongola ndiponso apamwamba-apamwamba kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito njira imene anatulukira yotchedwa melt crystal growth. Njira imeneyi inapangitsa kuti miyala yamtengo wapatali yopangidwa{3} ikhale yotheka.
Mu 1918, Chochralski anapanga njira ya Bridgman (njira yokoka) yosungunula kristalo, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti miyala yamtengo wapatali ikuluikulu,{1}}yapamwamba kwambiri pamsika.
Mu 1940, Kampani ya Chatham idapanga bwino ma emerald pogwiritsa ntchito njira yosinthira.
Pofika m'chaka cha 1941, kampaniyo inali itapanga makristalo a emarodi olemera mpaka 15 carats, ngakhale kuti anali otsika kwambiri.
Cha m'ma 1950, wasayansi waku Italy Spezia adapanga njira ya hydrothermal yopangira quartz, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti azitha kupanga makhiristo opangira malonda.
Mu 1957, Bell Laboratories ku US idalengeza bwino kaphatikizidwe ka ruby ​​pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya hydrothermal.
Mu 1955, General Electric ku US analengeza bwino kaphatikizidwe diamondi mafakitale.
Patapita zaka 15, mu 1970, miyala yamtengo wapatali{2}}ya diamondi inapangidwa. Ukadaulo wokwezeka{{4}wophatikizana ndi ukadaulo wa chemical vapor deposition (CVD) utha kupanga zodzikongoletsera-za diamondi zabwino kwambiri zolemera ma carat 11.
Mu 1972, Pierre Gilson waku France adayamba kupanga bwino ukadaulo wopangira opal.
Mu 1974, opal yoyera yopangidwa idagulitsidwa. Mu 1976, wasayansi waku Soviet Dukoka adasintha njira yopangira ma hydrothermal synthesis popanga ma ruby, ndikupangitsa kuti azitha kupanga ma ruby ​​opangidwa omwe amafanana kwambiri ndi ma rubi achilengedwe. M'zaka za m'ma 2100, teknoloji yophatikizira miyala yamtengo wapatali ikupitabe patsogolo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kupanga pafupifupi mtundu uliwonse wa miyala yamtengo wapatali.

 

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